Besides this, the Catholic Church teaches that our first parents were also endowed with sanctifying grace by which they were elevated to the supernatural order. In other words, the lower or animal nature in man was perfectly subject to the control of reason, and the will subject to God. Principal among these were a high degree of infused knowledge, bodily immortality and freedom from pain, and immunity from evil impulses or inclinations. The preternatural state enjoyed by Adam and Eve afforded endowments with many prerogatives which, while pertaining to the natural order, were not due to human nature as such. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) teaches that Adam and Eve were constituted in an original "state of holiness and justice" (CCC 375, 376 398), free from concupiscence (CCC 377). While rejecting concupiscence, and embracing a concept similar to the yetzer hara, these views rejected humanity's universal need for grace. Pelagianism gives mankind the ability to choose between good and evil within their created nature. From these corrections, there is a strong similarity between Pelagians and their Jewish counterparts on the concepts of concupiscence. Although the writings of Pelagius are no longer extant, the eight canons of the Council of Carthage (418) provided corrections to the perceived errors of the early Pelagians. The main opposition came from a monk named Pelagius (354–420 or 440). ( September 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Original sin, according to Augustine, consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit. In Augustine's view (termed "Realism"), all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned, and therefore all have sinned. He admitted that sexual concupiscence ( libido) might have been present in the perfect human nature in paradise, and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple's disobedience to God's will in the original sin. Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not a being but a bad quality, the privation of good or a wound. Their descendants now live in sin, in the form of concupiscence, a term Augustine used in a metaphysical, not a psychological sense. Adam and Eve, via sexual reproduction, recreated human nature. When Adam sinned, human nature was thenceforth transformed. He taught that Adam's sin is transmitted by concupiscence, or "hurtful desire", resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata (mass of perdition, condemned crowd), with much enfeebled, though not destroyed, freedom of will. Involuntary sexual arousal is explored in the Confessions of Augustine, wherein he used the term "concupiscence" to refer to sinful lust. Therefore, for the Jewish mindset, it is possible for humanity to choose good over evil, and it is the person's duty to choose good (see: Sifrei on Deuteronomy, P. In Jewish doctrine, it is possible for humanity to overcome the yetzer hara. This doctrine was clarified in the Sifre around 200–350 CE. In Judaism, the yetzer hara is a natural part of God's creation, and God provides guidelines and commands to help us master this tendency. Therefore, the natural need of the body for food becomes gluttony, the command to procreate becomes sexual sin, the demands of the body for rest become sloth, and so on. The yetzer hara is not the product of original sin as in Christian theology, but the tendency of humanity to misuse the natural survival needs of the physical body. This concept is the inclination of humanity at creation to do evil or violate the will of God. In Judaism, there is an early concept of yetzer hara (Hebrew: יצר הרע for "evil inclination"). It is also one of the English translations of the Koine Greek epithumia (ἐπιθυμία), which occurs 39 times in the New Testament. There are nine occurrences of concupiscence in the Douay-Rheims Bible and three occurrences in the King James Bible. In Christianity, particularly in Catholic and Lutheran theology, concupiscence is the tendency of humans to sin.
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